(4) Phrases: "Everything came to her from on high " "From of old they (3) Adverbs: "If I live wholly from within " "Had it not been for the (2) Adjectives: "On high the winds lift up their voices." (1) Pronouns: "Upon them with the lance " "With whom I traverse (Macmillan op cit)Īn English Grammar for High School lumps all such ing-forms under the inadequate term 'gerunds' (and the even woolier 'a noun or its equivalent) however, I think the following is useful:Ī preposition is a word joined to a noun or its equivalent to make up a qualifying or an adverbial phrase, and to show the relationīetween its object and the word modified.īesides nouns, prepositions may have as objects. I’m going to start off by explaining the purpose of our campaign.Conway cited (without the annotation) in Baskervill_An English Grammar Menippus knew which were the kings by their howling louder.It's hard for them to see our success and not assume that it was achieved by cheating, stealing, or just blind luck.There may or may not be an obvious verbal involvement: ![]() The 'by + ing-group' as an adverbial of method / agency / instrumentality / enabling is of course extremely common. Though to be fair, 'by hand', which is at least as coherent, does not get the offsetting of bolding. They seem to indicate by their bolding that '' etc and ' the Internet' etc are at least on the way to becoming idioms, with more coherence than the usual POS analysis can happily deal with. They exchanged New Year’s greetings by email.By using the Internet you can do your shopping from home.Every bit of lace is made by hand (=not using a machine).The palace balcony is shielded by bulletproof glass.Reading is taught by traditional methods here. ![]() using a particular method to achieve something ![]() Macmillan perhaps realises the peripherality of the use of a preposition followed by an ing-clause.Ī.
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